Bolivia’s hydrocarbons sector began the 21st century from a position of strength. Major discoveries, steady foreign investment, and robust exports underpinned national development. However, the 2006 nationalization fundamentally changed sector dynamics. While the state captured a larger share of revenues, the policy environment gradually discouraged upstream investment. Exploration waned, reserves declined, and production began to fall just as regional markets became more competitive. Bolivia still has meaningful geological potential, but…